![]() Acceptance of the authority of the s characterizes all the orthodox ( astika) systems-but not the unorthodox ( nastika) systems, such as (radical materialism), Buddhism, and Jainism. General characteristics of Indian philosophy Common concernsThe various Indian philosophies contain such a of views, theories, and systems that it is almost impossible to single out characteristics that are common to all of them. The Upanishads also contain early speculations by Indian philosophers about nature, life, mind, and the, not to speak of and social philosophy. The (speculative philosophical texts) contain one of the first of a universal, all-pervading, spiritual reality leading to a radical (absolute nondualism, or the essential unity of matter and spirit). ![]() In a similar manner, knowledge of Western thought gained by Indian philosophers has also been advantageous to them.hymns, scriptures dating from the 2nd millennium bce, are the oldest record from India of the process by which the human mind makes its gods and of the deep psychological processes of mythmaking leading to profound cosmological concepts.
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